D Pharma - PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY – THEORY (2024)

Course Code: ER20-12T75 Hours (3 Hours/week)

Scope: This course is designed to impart basic knowledge on the chemical structure, storage conditions and medicinal uses of organic and inorganic chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals. Also, this course discusses the impurities, quality control aspects of chemical substances used in pharmaceuticals.

Course Objectives: This course will discuss the following aspects of the chemical substances used as drugs and pharmaceuticals for various disease conditions

1. Chemical classification, chemical name, chemical structure

2. Pharmacological uses, doses, stability and storage conditions

3. Different types of formulations / dosage form available and their brand names

4. Impurity testing and basic quality control tests

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, the students will be able to

1. Describe the chemical class, structure and chemical name of the commonly used drugs and pharmaceuticals of both organic and inorganic nature

2. Discuss the pharmacological uses, dosage regimen, stability issues and storage conditions of all such chemical substances commonly used as drugs

3. Describe the quantitative and qualitative analysis, impurity testing of the chemical substances given in the official monographs

4. Identify the dosage form & the brand names of the drugs and pharmaceuticals popular in the marketplace

Chapter 1 (8 hours)

Introduction to Pharmaceutical chemistry: Scope and objectives

Sources and types of errors: Accuracy, precision, significant figures

Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: Source and effect of impurities in Pharmacopoeial substances, importance of limit test, Principle and procedures of Limit tests for chlorides, sulphates, iron, heavy metals and arsenic.

Chapter 2 (8 hours)

Volumetric analysis: Fundamentals of volumetric analysis, Acid-base titration, non-aqueous titration, precipitation titration, complexometric titration, redox titration

Gravimetric analysis: Principle and method.

Chapter 3 (7 hours)

InorganicPharmaceuticals:Pharmaceutical formulations, market preparations, storage conditions and uses of

●Haematinics: Ferrous sulphate, Ferrous fumarate, Ferric ammonium citrate, Ferrous ascorbate, Carbonyl iron

●Gastro-intestinal Agents: Antacids :Aluminium hydroxide gel, Magnesium hydroxide, Magaldrate, Sodium bicarbonate, Calcium Carbonate, Acidifying agents, Adsorbents, Protectives, Cathartics

●Topical agents: Silver Nitrate, Ionic Silver, Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Hydrogen peroxide, Boric acid, Bleaching powder, Potassium permanganate

●Dental products: Calcium carbonate, Sodium fluoride, Denture cleaners, Denture adhesives, Mouth washes

●Medicinal gases: Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, oxygen

Chapter 4 (2 hours)

Introduction to nomenclature of organic chemical systems withparticularreferencetoheterocyclic compounds containing up to Three rings

Study of the following category of medicinal compounds with respect to classification, chemical name, chemical structure (compounds marked with*) uses, stability and storage conditions, different types of formulations and their popular brand names

Chapter 5 (9 hours)

Drugs Acting on Central Nervous System

• Anaesthetics: Thiopental Sodium*, Ketamine Hydrochloride*, Propofol

• Sedatives and Hypnotics: Diazepam*, Alprazolam*, Nitrazepam, Phenobarbital*

• Antipsychotics: Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride*, Haloperidol*, Risperidone*, Sulpiride*, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, Lurasidone

• Anticonvulsants: Phenytoin*, Carbamazepine*, Clonazepam, Valproic Acid*, Gabapentin*, Topiramate, Vigabatrin, Lamotrigine

• Anti-Depressants: Amitriptyline Hydrochloride*, Imipramine Hydrochloride*, Fluoxetine*, Venlafaxine, Duloxetine, Sertraline, Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine

Chapter 6 (9 hours)

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Nervous System

• Sympathomimetic Agents:

  • • Direct Acting: Nor- Epinephrine*,Epinephrine,Phenylephrine, Dopamine*, Terbutaline, Salbutamol (Albuterol), Naphazoline*, Tetrahydrozoline.

    • Indirect Acting Agents: Hydroxy Amphetamine, Pseudoephedrine. Agents With Mixed Mechanism: Ephedrine, Metaraminol

• Adrenergic Antagonists: Alpha Adrenergic Blockers: Tolazoline, Phentolamine

• Phenoxybenzamine, Prazosin. Beta Adrenergic Blockers: Propranolol*, Atenolol*, Carvedilol

• Cholinergic Drugs and Related Agents: Direct Acting Agents: Acetylcholine*, Carbachol, And Pilocarpine. Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Neostigmine*, Edrophonium Chloride, Tacrine Hydrochloride, Pralidoxime Chloride, Echothiopate Iodide

• Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Atropine Sulphate*, Ipratropium Bromide

• Synthetic Cholinergic Blocking Agents: Tropicamide, Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride, Clidinium Bromide, Dicyclomine Hydrochloride*

Chapter 7 (5 hours)

Drugs Acting on Cardiovascular System

• Anti-Arrhythmic Drugs: Quinidine Sulphate, Procainamide Hydrochloride, Verapamil, Phenytoin Sodium*, Lidocaine Hydrochloride, Lorcainide Hydrochloride, Amiodarone and Sotalol

• Anti-Hypertensive Agents: Propranolol*, Captopril*, Ramipril, Methyldopate Hydrochloride, Clonidine Hydrochloride, Hydralazine Hydrochloride, Nifedipine,

• Antianginal Agents: Isosorbide Dinitrate

Chapter 8 (2 hours)

Diuretics:Acetazolamide,Frusemide*,Bumetanide, Chlorthalidone,Benzthiazide,Metolazone,Xipamide, Spironolactone

Chapter 9 (3 hours)

Hypoglycemic Agents: Insulin and Its Preparations, Metformin*,Glibenclamide*,Glimepiride,Pioglitazone, Repaglinide, Gliflozins, Gliptins

Chapter 10 (3 hours)

Analgesic And Anti-Inflammatory Agents: Morphine Analogues, Narcotic Antagonists;

Nonsteroidal Anti- Inflammatory Agents (NSAIDs) - Aspirin*, Diclofenac, Ibuprofen*, Piroxicam, Celecoxib, Mefenamic Acid, Paracetamol*, Aceclofenac

Chapter 11 (8 hours)

Anti-Infective Agents

• AntifungalAgents:Amphotericin-B,Griseofulvin, Miconazole,Ketoconazole*,Itraconazole, Fluconazole*, Naftifine Hydrochloride

• Urinary Tract Anti-Infective Agents: Norfloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin*, Moxifloxacin,

• Anti-Tubercular Agents: INH*, Ethambutol, Para Amino Salicylic Acid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Bedaquiline, Delamanid, Pretomanid*

• Antiviral Agents: Amantadine Hydrochloride, Idoxuridine, Acyclovir*, Foscarnet, Zidovudine, Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Favipiravir

• Antimalarials: Quinine Sulphate, Chloroquine Phosphate*, Primaquine Phosphate, Mefloquine*, Cycloguanil, Pyrimethamine, Artemisinin

• Sulfonamides: Sulfanilamide, Sulfadiazine, Sulfametho xazole, Sulfacetamide*, Mafenide Acetate, Cotrimoxazole, Dapsone*

Chapter 12 (8 hours)

Antibiotics: Penicillin G, Amoxicillin*, Cloxacillin, Streptomycin,

Tetracyclines: Doxycycline, Minocycline,

Macrolides: Erythromycin, Azithromycin,

Miscellaneous: Chloramphenicol* Clindamycin

Chapter 13 (3 hours)

Anti-Neoplastic Agents: Cyclophosphamide*, Busulfan, Mercaptopurine,Fluorouracil*, Methotrexate, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin Hydrochloride, Vinblastine Sulphate, Cisplatin*, Dromostanolone Propionate